{"id":73710,"date":"2026-07-21T09:32:20","date_gmt":"2026-07-21T13:32:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alumni.cornell.edu\/cornellians\/?p=73710"},"modified":"2026-07-21T10:19:03","modified_gmt":"2026-07-21T14:19:03","slug":"mode-cartography","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alumni.cornell.edu\/cornellians\/mode-cartography\/","title":{"rendered":"Far Beyond Mere Navigation, These Eye-Popping Maps Aim to Persuade"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

An Engineering alum donated his cartography collection\u2014on topics from religion to war to women\u2019s suffrage\u2014to Kroch Library<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Alexandra Bond \u201912<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1929, the Death Valley Exploration Company made a grand announcement: after decades of searching, a potable water source had been discovered deep in California\u2019s Mojave Desert that would finally allow for the establishment of a lucrative gold mine there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

A detailed topographical map of the area was published in a company brochure\u2014complete with markings of trails and roads, illustrations of the surrounding mountains, and the locations of both the ore and the newly found stream\u2014and the public was invited to buy shares.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAt first look, this might have seemed like a good investment, but actually the map was a total fraud,\u201d explains cartography enthusiast P.J. Mode \u201960, BME \u201961. \u201cBoth the stream and the map were invented to sell stock in this phony gold mine.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That vintage con job is just one of the nearly 1,400 maps, artwork, and other documents that make up Mode\u2019s Collection of Persuasive Cartography<\/a>, most of which is now housed in Cornell\u2019s Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections in Kroch Library.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n<\/div>

\"PJ
Elaine Mode<\/figcaption>
Collection benefactor P.J. Mode.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

About 10 years ago, after collecting for nearly four decades, Mode began donating the bulk of his maps to the University; since then, more than 1,200 have been scanned and made available online, with more to come. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

(The physical maps can also be requested for in-person research in Kroch’s rare book reading room.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Katherine Reagan, the Stern Curator of Rare Books & Manuscripts, it\u2019s among the most consulted of all the University Library\u2019s digitized collections, drawing about 1,000 unique visitors to the Kroch website each month.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"An
A 1904 cartoon map depicts Standard Oil as a government-consuming monster poised to strike the White House.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe maps in his collection do not aim to present accurate geographical information,” Reagan says, “but rather to sway public opinion.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What makes a map persuasive? Mode\u2014a retired attorney who lives in NYC\u2014explains that cartographers employ a number of techniques, including the use of false or misleading data and the selective inclusion or exclusion of information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

The maps in his collection do not aim to present accurate geographical information, but rather to sway public opinion.<\/p>\nCurator Katherine Reagan<\/strong><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Color also plays an important role; for example, red is often used to represent what the mapmaker wants to portray as banned, dangerous, or wrong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emotions can be stirred through dramatic pictures or caricatures, such as Lady Liberty\u2014dressed in gold, her cape bearing the words \u201cVOTES FOR WOMEN\u201d\u2014marching across America in a map titled \u201cThe Awakening,\u201d which was produced in support of the suffrage movement (and is seen at the top of this story).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What makes a map persuasive? Mode explains that cartographers employ a number of techniques, including the use of false or misleading data and the selective inclusion or exclusion of information.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The collection\u2019s holdings date from the 1490s to the 2020s, originate from around the world, and represent 29 languages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The maps, which University faculty have used for teaching and research, are divided into more than 30 categories\u2014from advertising to alcohol, poverty to politics, romance to finance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"An<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A<\/figure>\n
A 1648 map is one of several dozen\u2014all dubbed Leo Belgicus<\/em> and made over the course of centuries\u2014that depict the lands then comprising the Netherlands as a lion, while a German magazine in 1934 satirizes communism’s spread across Europe as an infestation of red bedbugs.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Many of the specimens from late 15th- and early 16th-century Europe\u2014brimming with biblical symbols like the Garden of Eden and the devil\u2014were designed to reinforce religious ideals in the widely illiterate population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nazi-produced maps from the \u201930s and \u201940s, inaccurately showing Allied battalions surrounding Germany, were intended to depict the nation as a victim defending itself\u2014even though it was the aggressor in World War II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The maps are divided into more than 30 categories\u2014from advertising to alcohol, poverty to politics, romance to finance.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Decades later, a 2015 map warned of the dangers of climate change in semi-satirical fashion by showing the effects on the NYC metro area of a 100-foot rise in sea level, the approximate result of half the world’s ice sheets melting: nearly all of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens are under water, and other locales bear labels like “Greenwich Spillage,” “Central Shark,” “Bed-Sea,” and “Flushed Meadows.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On a much more lighthearted note, an \u201cIan Fleming Thriller Map\u201d from 1987 highlights the globe-trotting adventures of literary spy James Bond by detailing the locations of his derring-do in novels like Diamonds are Forever<\/em> and You Only Live Twice<\/em>\u2014complete with images of an Aston Martin, the Union Jack, a bottle of Champagne, and (of course) some suggestively posed women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What in the World: A Sampling of Mode’s Maps<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

(Story continues below)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
An 1896 handbill endorses the “free silver” position of Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"A
A 1970 poster urges collective action in protest of the Vietnam War.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"The
The literary locales of superspy 007 are detailed in a 1987 advertisement.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"A
The bogus 1929 map aimed at selling shares in a mining company.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"A
A 1983 vision of a prosperous USSR, made for an English-speaking audience.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An allegorical work from 1821 enforces religious norms via “roadmaps” to heaven or hell.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"A
An 1805 satirical drawing shows British and French leaders dividing up the world as though it were a meal.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Then there\u2019s an example from the 1884 U.S. presidential election, titled \u201cHow the Public Domain Has Been Squandered<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was created by Democrats to spur outrage about the granting of public land to private companies to build the Transcontinental Railroad\u2014but the actual amount of land that had been conferred by the Republican-led Congress was far less than what the map showed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt looks like 91% of the State of Iowa was given to corporations, when in reality it was 13%,\u201d says Mode. \u201cThis map was used for 60 years to prove all sorts of things about corruption, Republicans, and capitalism. It was a terrifically powerful map\u2014and it\u2019s fake.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"A<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A<\/figure>\n
An 1883 pro-temperance street map details the many watering holes of NYC’s Lower East Side, “where lager reigns”; and a speculative work from 2015 warns of climate change’s toll with a dystopian vision of the city under water.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

For Mode, one of the most compelling aspects of persuasive maps lies in the tension between what they seem to be and what they actually are: while maps are generally presumed to be sources of objective information, persuasive ones are inherently biased.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Mode, one of the most compelling aspects of persuasive maps lies in the tension between what they seem to be and what they actually are.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAlmost every one of us has a recollection as a young child of getting in a car and watching an adult unfold a map and use it to get someplace that you\u2019ve never been before,\u201d Mode observes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPeople trust maps, so they can be very dangerous. It\u2019s in our best interest to become more discerning consumers of cartographic information\u2014to find out where the data came from and to be a little more skeptical.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top: “The Awakening,” a 1915 map promoting women’s suffrage. (All images courtesy of Rare and Manuscript Collections, unless otherwise indicated.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Published July 21, 2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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