{"id":46114,"date":"2025-01-14T12:42:14","date_gmt":"2025-01-14T17:42:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alumni.cornell.edu\/cornellians\/?p=46114"},"modified":"2025-02-18T07:37:48","modified_gmt":"2025-02-18T12:37:48","slug":"earle-weather","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alumni.cornell.edu\/cornellians\/earle-weather\/","title":{"rendered":"What\u2019s the Weather Going to Be? Check the Signal Pole!"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Cornellians have long known the joys of \u2018Ithacation\u2019\u2014and earlier generations got their forecasts the old-fashioned way<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Corey Ryan Earle \u201907<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

In the smartphone era, an up-to-date weather forecast can be found in nearly every student\u2019s pocket. Should I bring an umbrella to class? Will I need snowshoes to get to my prelim?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But before 24\/7 weather information, early Cornellians utilized a plethora of options when deciding whether to grab a raincoat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The success of the electric telegraph\u2014thanks in part to Ezra Cornell\u2014was a key contributor to the modern era of weather forecasting, allowing meteorological conditions to be reported quickly across long distances.<\/p>\n<\/div>

\"An<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first national weather service in the U.S. was established in 1870\u2014two years after the University opened its doors\u2014as part of the Army Signal Service (where it remained until 1891, when it moved to the Department of Agriculture and was named the U.S. Weather Bureau).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With efforts to get federal support for meteorological work on the Hill unsuccessful, civil engineering professor Estevan Fuertes began collecting local weather data in 1873.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A University signal station was erected in 1879, approximately where Uris Library stands today; large balls would be raised on a 112-foot pole with the number and position indicating the day\u2019s forecast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
The original signal station’s pole can be seen above the lefthand corner of Sage Chapel in 1885.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Predictions were typically updated two or three times per day, utilizing local observations and official reports from the national weather service in Washington, DC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From anywhere on campus, students could look to the signal pole to gauge whether they might need an umbrella.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite the station\u2019s value\u2014particularly for local farmers\u2014it quickly became the target of undergrad humor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
The Cornell Widow<\/em> jests about forecast accuracy in 1897.<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\n

\u201cWe are authorized to state that the signal station is not a relative of George Washington,\u201d the Cornell Era<\/em> declared (referencing the Founding Father\u2019s legendary inability to lie).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt can, and does tell whoppers.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As another article observed: \u201cThe signal station is fortunate in not having to pass examinations. It guesses, but is almost always wrong.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yet another suggested that the signals were selected by rolling dice.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite the criticism, the station reported an impressive 86% accuracy rate after its first few months. It stood until 1888, shortly before excavation for Uris Library began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Student journalists couldn\u2019t resist one last shot, crowing: \u201cNo longer will umbrellas be carried when fair weather signals are up.\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The signal station\u2014which reported an impressive 86% accuracy rate after its first few months\u2014stood until 1888, shortly before excavation for Uris Library began.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The next year, Cornell launched the New York State Weather Bureau, with meteorological offices moving to the fourth floor of Lincoln Hall, the then-new civil engineering building.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under Fuertes\u2019s direction, the bureau posted forecasts around campus and used flags on a new signal pole installed on the building (e.g., white for \u201cclear or fair weather,\u201d blue for \u201crain or snow\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Lincoln
Lincoln Hall’s signal pole displayed weather forecasts via color-coded flags.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The national Weather Bureau took over the University\u2019s station in 1899, and it later moved to the new agricultural building, Roberts Hall (since demolished); a guidebook described the view from its rooftop meteorological observatory as \u201cthe widest obtainable anywhere on the campus.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The City of Ithaca offered its own weather announcements via a steam whistle at the sewer pumping station near Cayuga Inlet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beginning in 1901, it would sound a long whistle at 11 a.m. each day, followed by the signals for weather and temperature (e.g., one long blast for fair weather).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A guidebook described the view from Roberts Hall’s rooftop meteorological observatory as \u201cthe widest obtainable anywhere on the campus.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In 1909, the Weather Bureau added a new campus landmark to help the Cornell community get up-to-date information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An iron and glass kiosk\u2014one of several dozen established throughout the country\u2014was built at the intersection where Olin Hall stands today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bureau staff would post weather maps and forecast information; the kiosk also included a rain gauge, a hygrometer for measuring humidity, and a thermograph recording the changing temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"People
Library of Congress<\/figcaption>
A U.S. Weather Bureau kiosk in Washington, DC, in 1923.<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The kiosk program was discontinued nationally in 1931, and Cornell\u2019s was removed with the construction of Campus Road.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Daily Sun<\/em> made its first foray into regular forecasting with a \u201cWeather Indications\u201d notice published periodically as early as fall 1882, the paper\u2019s third year of existence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Observed the first report: \u201cFor the Middle States, warm Southeast to Southwest winds, lower barometer, generally fair during the day, followed by local rains.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

From 1904 to 1912, the Sun<\/em> subscribed to \u201cTelegraphic News of the Morning,\u201d sent \u201cby direct wire\u201d from the New York World<\/em>. The daily report, published on the paper\u2019s second page, included brief national and international stories in addition to the weather.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Sun <\/em>became one of the first collegiate newspapers to join the Associated Press in summer 1912, which meant a nightly wire service with news of the day. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a result, an enlarged paper emerged in September 1912, with a daily weather forecast added to the masthead on the front page (\u201cRain Monday and probably Tuesday,\u201d according to its debut), where it remained for decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Daily<\/em> Sun <\/em>became one of the first collegiate newspapers to join the Associated Press in summer 1912, which meant a nightly wire service with news of the day. <\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

As radio and TV grew in popularity, live weather forecasts eventually became a common feature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But regardless of where our forecasts come from, Cornellians across generations have a shared appreciation (or loathing?) for that unique and unpredictable Ithaca weather.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The term \u201cIthacation\u201d\u2014referring to the mixture of rain and snow so common in Cornell\u2019s hometown\u2014appears in print as early as the 1960s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An expert on Big Red lore,\u00a0<\/em>Corey Ryan Earle \u201907<\/em><\/a>\u00a0teaches \u201cThe First American University,\u201d a wildly popular spring semester course on Cornell history.<\/em>
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top: A stereoscopic image of Cornell’s original weather signal station in the 1880s. (All images courtesy of Rare and Manuscript Collections, unless otherwise indicated.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Published January 14, 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Cornellians have long known the joys of \u2018Ithacation\u2019\u2014and earlier generations got their forecasts the old-fashioned way<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":68,"featured_media":46109,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"alumni_hub_syml_posts":[34040,32786,42322],"footnotes":""},"categories":[657],"tags":[],"cornell_year_post":[],"post_folder":[],"class_list":["post-46114","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-storytime-with-corey"],"yoast_head":"\nWhat\u2019s the Weather Going to Be? 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