{"id":43511,"date":"2024-11-06T08:36:51","date_gmt":"2024-11-06T13:36:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alumni.cornell.edu\/cornellians\/?p=43511"},"modified":"2024-11-06T13:18:42","modified_gmt":"2024-11-06T18:18:42","slug":"physics-sailing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alumni.cornell.edu\/cornellians\/physics-sailing\/","title":{"rendered":"New Course Sets Sail on Understanding Physics\u2014by Boat"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Students venture out onto Cayuga Lake for hands-on learning about wind speed, velocity, buoyancy, and more<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Joe Wilensky<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Georg Hoffstaetter de Torquat stands tall in the boat, one hand on the mast, his gaze fixed on a spot across the water. A warm September breeze has just changed direction on Cayuga Lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOne of the things I love best about sailing is that it feels like you\u2019re in the grip of nature,\u201d he says, \u201cbecause the forces that act on you come directly from the wind. It\u2019s amazing.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He then turns his attention back to the handful of students on the small sailboat with him and on the several other boats clustered nearby. It\u2019s time for another series of measurements for the day\u2019s hands-on lesson.<\/p>\n<\/div>

\"Professor
For Hoffstaetter de Torquat, the lake is his classroom.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Hoffstaetter de Torquat<\/a> is a physics professor, and he can typically be found researching particle accelerator technology, whether for the Electron-Ion Collider project at Brookhaven National Laboratory or other applications like spectrometers and electron microscopes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But for the fall 2024 semester, he is also teaching a new course, the Physics of Sailing<\/a>\u2014marrying his academic field with his lifelong love of the water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

One of the things I love best about sailing is that it feels like you\u2019re in the grip of nature.<\/p>\nProfessor Georg Hoffstaetter de Torquat<\/strong><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The twice-weekly class is taught partly in the classroom and partly out on the water (based out of the University\u2019s Merrill Family Sailing Center<\/a>). Until fall break, sessions alternated between the lake and the classroom, then moved fully indoors. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

While elementary math and physics knowledge is a prerequisite, sailing experience is not\u2014and the seven students who signed up for the course\u2019s first iteration were all novices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"two
Students learn to sail on Cayuga\u2019s waters.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

As Hoffstaetter de Torquat explains, almost every aspect of sailing is affected\u2014and can be demonstrated\u2014by elementary physics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The course, he says, \u201cgives us the opportunity to explain and measure concepts like forces, torques, and oscillations\u2014not in the abstract, but after you perceive them physically on the boat.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first couple of classes covered details of boat and water safety and other basics. (Life jackets are required, and all students need to have passed the famed Cornell swim test<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"Geoff
Geoff Miller \u201925 adjusts the rigging.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Early safety lessons include docking, water rescues, how to slow down a boat against the wind, and procedures to avoid a capsize.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Students learn how to put up sails and rigging\u2014including making knots and using winches and pulleys\u2014get the boats out of the dock, conduct experiments, and collect data. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once students grasp the basics, the physics lessons begin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The curriculum covers propelling and resistive forces, hull speed and water waves, real and apparent wind velocity, weather formations, and more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"Graphic
Photo: Matt Jensen \/ Cornell Athletics; graphic: Caitlin Cook \/ Cornell University<\/figcaption>
Balancing forces reach an equilibrium to keep a sailboat upright.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

On this particular afternoon\u2014which featured gorgeous skies, balmy temperatures, and a glorious view of the Cornell skyline, truly \u201cfar above\u201d the lake\u2014the class was carrying out a basic physics and nautical exercise: how to check a boat\u2019s stability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On each boat, the students dropped the sails; two people gripped the mast while another readied a smartphone timer. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

After rocking the craft as far as possible from side to side, they let it stabilize in order to measure what\u2019s known as its free rolling period. (That’s the time it takes for the mast to completely swing from one side of the boat to the other, until, after several oscillations, it has returned to its upright position.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"students
Rocking the boat: Hands-on data collection.<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\n

\u201cBasically, a boat is like a pendulum,\u201d Hoffstaetter de Torquat says. \u201cIts center of gravity oscillates as the boat rolls back and forth.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

If the corresponding pendulum were too short, he explains, the boat could easily capsize. Measuring that rolling period, with calculations that take into consideration the boat\u2019s dimensions and shape, lets the students assess its overall stability and safety. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

One student in the class, Geoff Miller \u201925, happens to be the captain of the Big Red men\u2019s heavyweight rowing team. New to sailing, he says the course has given him a broader comprehension not only of physics, but also his sport.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt has been fun understanding how to use wind instead of not<\/em> using wind, because wind is usually the enemy when it comes to rowing,\u201d he says with a laugh. \u201cLike learning to sail upstream\u2014it\u2019s about using the jib and the mainsail to actually use that wind for you.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

It has been fun understanding how to use wind instead of not<\/em> using wind, because wind is usually the enemy when it comes to rowing.<\/p>\nGeoff Miller \u201925<\/strong><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Hoffstaetter de Torquat comes from a long line of watersports aficionados: his grandfather was thrice the German rowing champion and competed in the 1928 Olympics. His parents met in a rowing club, and his brother and daughter row as well. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a grad student at Michigan State, Hoffstaetter de Torquat took a \u201cphysics of sailing\u201d class that ended up being more about learning to sail and far less about science\u2014but it gave him the idea for this course, he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The professor finds beauty in the description of how a sailboat stays upright while moving forward; as he explains, the forces acting on it essentially negate each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"students
Students take down the sails after docking their boat.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe vertical forces of weight and buoyancy cancel,\u201d he says, \u201cand the sail and hull provide lateral forces to the right and left of the boat\u2019s direction, and they also cancel each other.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Young Jae \u201cYJ\u201d Lee \u201926, an information sciences major, found the class when browsing for a physics course.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s my first time sailing, and I\u2019m not a \u2018physics guy\u2019\u2014but it sounded really interesting,\u201d he says. \u201cEverything is pretty new to me, but the coolest thing has been learning the mechanisms of how the wind affects the speed of the boat.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Out on the lake the following week, the class has returned for another outing; the weather is once again nearly ideal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"Two
Lee (left) and Miller assess wind speed.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

After just a few course sessions on the water, the formerly novice students are adept at prepping the boats, sails, and rigging, and sound like they\u2019ve been seafaring for years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe mainsail\u2014you have to make sure it\u2019s tight,\u201d Miller says while readying another maneuver and giving instructions to a shipmate. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOr, if you\u2019re trying to turn the boat around, you want to make sure you keep the jib close and make sure the helms are ready. There are a lot of things you have to manage\u2014you just have to be aware of everything.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top: With the help of a staffer from the sailing center (far left), students prepare a boat for launch. All photos by Joe Wilensky \/ Cornell University unless otherwise indicated.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Published November 6, 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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