{"id":29200,"date":"2023-11-16T13:57:04","date_gmt":"2023-11-16T18:57:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alumni.cornell.edu\/cornellians\/?p=29200"},"modified":"2023-11-17T12:08:02","modified_gmt":"2023-11-17T17:08:02","slug":"morris-worm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alumni.cornell.edu\/cornellians\/morris-worm\/","title":{"rendered":"The \u2018Morris Worm\u2019: A Notorious Chapter of the Internet\u2019s Infancy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

In an experiment gone awry, 35 years ago a grad student in computer science inadvertently crashed 10% of online machines<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Lindsay Lennon<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In today\u2019s vast online landscape, a celebrity or influencer can only hope to metaphorically \u201cbreak the Internet.\u201d But 35 years ago this month, a Cornell grad student did just that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On November 2, 1988\u2014a year before the invention of the World Wide Web\u2014just 60,000 computers in fewer than 20 countries were connected to the Internet, a then-novel and exclusive network used by universities, research centers, and government bodies. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
A disk containing the 99-line “Morris Worm” source code used to be on display at the Computer History Museum. (Wikimedia Commons)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>
\n

Suddenly, over the course of a chaotic 24 hours, about 6,000 of those Internet-connected machines screeched to a dramatic halt. In an experiment gone haywire, a \u201cworm\u201d had been unleashed on the fledgling network\u2014launching what\u2019s now considered the first major cyberattack in U.S. history. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

(A worm\u2014unlike a virus\u2014can replicate and spread on its own, without human intervention.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe worm did not damage or destroy files, but it still packed a punch,\u201d says an FBI case study<\/a> of the event, noting that Harvard, Stanford, Johns Hopkins, and NASA were among the victims. \u201cVital military and university functions slowed to a crawl. Emails were delayed for days.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

While the worm was initially thought to have spread from a computer at MIT, an FBI investigation revealed that Robert Tappan Morris, then a grad student in computer science (CS) on the Hill, was the mastermind\u2014and that the worm had originated from his Cornell machine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the FBI, the worm sought out computers running a particular version of the UNIX operating system and spread rapidly by exploiting security flaws known by Morris and other skilled programmers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Vital military and university functions slowed to a crawl. Emails were delayed for days.<\/p>\nThe FBI<\/strong><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Fred Schneider \u201975, a longtime CS professor on the Hill and a leading expert in cybersecurity, was a new faculty member when the incident (which would become known as the \u201cMorris Worm\u201d) occurred. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAlthough there had been papers written about the possibility of doing this, nobody had put it into practice,\u201d Schneider recalls. \u201cPeople probably didn\u2019t believe that our systems were such a monoculture that so many would fall for the same kind of attack\u2014but they did.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a result, the FBI notes, some institutions scrapped and replaced their systems, while others went offline for up to a week. Damages were difficult to calculate, but were then estimated as high as several million dollars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Morris became the first person to be criminally convicted under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, passed by Congress two years prior to the worm attack. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

While he was spared prison time, he was sentenced to three years\u2019 probation, 400 hours of community service, and more than $10,000 in fines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The worm incident was so pivotal that, in its November 5, 1988 coverage<\/a>, the New York Times <\/em>used the term \u201cthe Internet\u201d in print for the first time\u2014describing it as \u201csystems linked through an international group of computer communications networks.\u201d <\/p>\n<\/div>

\"A
Fred Schneider \u201975. (Lindsay France \/ Cornell University)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the article, experts expressed fear that the attack would encourage copycats\u2014as well as dismay over the computing community\u2019s nonchalant sharing of code that was bound to wreak havoc if it fell into the wrong hands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the 1995 book Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier <\/em>observes: \u201cBy releasing a program that crippled several thousand computers in a matter of hours, [Morris] permanently altered the course of his life and confirmed everyone\u2019s worst fears about what hackers could do. The event marked a turning point: the private world of computer networks was suddenly of concern to the general public.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Morris, whose father was a top cybersecurity expert with the NSA and Bell Labs, reportedly felt deep remorse about the worm, telling investigators and fellow scientists he didn\u2019t mean for it to spread as it did. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

(In fact, as the FBI case study notes, Morris \u201casked one friend to relay an anonymous message across the Internet on his behalf, with a brief apology and guidance for removing the program. Ironically, few received the message in time because the network had been so damaged by the worm.\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

He permanently altered the course of his life and confirmed everyone\u2019s worst fears about what hackers could do.<\/p>\nCyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier<\/strong><\/em>, 1995<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The worm incident occurred just two months after Morris arrived on the Hill, ultimately leading to his expulsion. The decision didn\u2019t come without debate, notes Schneider, since he was clearly a gifted programmer with major potential. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

An undergrad alum of Harvard, Morris (who didn\u2019t respond to emails requesting an interview for this story) eventually returned to his alma mater for his PhD, according to his faculty profile at MIT<\/a>, where he has taught since the mid-2000s. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1995, he and two colleagues created Viaweb, an e-commerce platform largely regarded as the very first web application. Three years later, Yahoo! acquired it for nearly $50 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top: Illustration by Caitlin Cook \/ Cornell University.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Published November 16, 2023<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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