{"id":27710,"date":"2023-10-19T04:11:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-19T08:11:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alumni.cornell.edu\/cornellians\/?p=27710"},"modified":"2023-10-17T08:17:44","modified_gmt":"2023-10-17T12:17:44","slug":"rulloff","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alumni.cornell.edu\/cornellians\/rulloff\/","title":{"rendered":"In this Spooky Season, a Look Back at Rulloff\u2014Ithaca\u2019s Infamous Rogue"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

More than 150 years after his death, the scholarly criminal\u2019s legend lives on\u2014but was he innocent of his most heinous crime?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Beth Saulnier<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThus died the man of vast pretense and overweening vanity,\u201d the New York Times<\/em> reported more than a century and a half ago, \u201cwho was a thief when a boy, who had spent 18 of his 51 years in prison, who was a bungler in crime while a charlatan in learning, and great only in depravity.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He was Upstate New York\u2019s most infamous rogue: Edward Rulloff, the serial murderer and wannabe scholar who escaped justice for decades before it finally met him at the end of a hangman\u2019s rope on May 18, 1871.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dubbed \u201cthe Genius Killer\u201d by a 19th-century press that breathlessly followed his career in crime, Rulloff has remained a figure of fascination\u2014the subject of multiple books, innumerable media stories, and even a true-crime podcast<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The
Rulloff\u2019s was a beloved College Avenue eatery for generations\u2014but its building was demolished in 2020. (Cornell University)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2018Rogue scholar\u2019 is a good description of him,\u201d says University Archivist Evan Earle \u201902, MS \u201914, citing the title of a Rulloff biography<\/a> published by the University of Michigan Press in 2003. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fact that he had this academic sense about him but also killed people added to his lore. He certainly considered himself an academic and wanted to be remembered for his research and writings\u2014that\u2019s what makes him more intriguing than if he\u2019d just been a murderer, and also what makes him appealing at an academic institution like Cornell.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While Rulloff had no connection to the University during his lifetime\u2014and his residency in Tompkins County predated Cornell\u2019s founding\u2014he has long been part of Big Red lore. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rulloff has remained a figure of fascination\u2014the subject of multiple books, innumerable media stories, and even a true-crime podcast.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Most prominently, the eponymous Collegetown eatery and watering hole was a popular gathering spot for some four decades, keeping the Rulloff legend alive for generations of students until its closure in 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The University Archives include a number of Rulloff-related artifacts, including an engraved invitation to his execution and the papers of Francis Finch<\/a>, the attorney who represented him during a key legal battle and later joined the law faculty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And of course, Rulloff\u2019s brain\u2014an uncommonly large specimen\u2014is the most famous entry in Uris Hall\u2019s Wilder Brain Collection<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHe was a colorful character; he broke the norms,\u201d says Carol Kammen, an authority on Tompkins County history and a former lecturer on the Hill. \u201cHe was a larger-than-life person who broke the rules, who engaged the public\u2019s imagination because the press built him up; he made for good copy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Rulloff went by various aliases over the years, but he was born John Edward Howard Rulofson near Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, in 1821 (according to Rogue Scholar<\/em>; other sources put his birth one or two years earlier).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

His father died in 1827, leaving his mother to raise three sons. The family\u2019s financial straits derailed Rulloff\u2019s dreams of higher education, and after leaving school around age 16 he went to work as a clerk in a dry goods store.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there, apparently, his life of crime began: a series of fires were suspected to be arson aimed at covering up inventory thefts. When Rulloff was observed sporting a suit that was among the stolen goods, he was convicted of embezzlement and served two years in prison.<\/p>\n<\/div>

\"A
A “wanted” poster from May 1857.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

After his release, he emigrated to the U.S. and eventually found work on the Erie Canal; there, he impressed a Tompkins County man named Will Schutt, who invited him to his home. That decision would prove fatal to several of Schutt\u2019s relatives\u2014including his younger sister, Harriet, who\u2019d become Rulloff\u2019s wife and most famous victim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Edward Rulloff who arrived at the Schutt farm in Dryden in mid-1842 was an outwardly impressive figure; he spoke multiple languages including Greek, Latin, and German, and he soon found work as a schoolmaster.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

His students included a teenaged Harriet, who fell hard for the erudite older man, and their courtship continued after Rulloff began training in Ithaca as a doctor of herbal medicine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Accounts vary as to when Rulloff\u2019s true colors began to emerge\u2014whether his unpredictable temper and propensity for violence had shown themselves prior to the marriage\u2014but the two were wed on the final day of 1843.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Rulloff who arrived in mid-1842 was an outwardly impressive figure; he spoke multiple languages including Greek, Latin, and German.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The couple\u2019s daughter\u2014Priscilla, named after Rulloff\u2019s mother\u2014was born in April 1845. Two months later, mother and baby vanished.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Rulloffs were by then living in a small house in Lansing, and he explained his family\u2019s absence by claiming that mother and daughter were traveling (though their alleged location changed repeatedly).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact\u2014as he\u2019d confess decades later\u2014he\u2019d murdered Harriet in a fit of rage; while he never admitted to killing the baby, he said he \u201cgave it a narcotic to stop its crying.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After putting the bodies in a chest, he borrowed a wagon and team and drove along the lakeshore. He then took a boat, rowed out to deep water, and dropped the weighted bodies overboard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"An
A 19th-century book illustration imagines the scene of Rulloff attacking his wife and baby.<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\n

And as awful as that crime was, Harriet and Priscilla may not have been the only people he killed that month<\/em>. Just weeks earlier, Will Schutt had asked Rulloff to use his skills as an herbalist to treat Will\u2019s sick wife and infant daughter. Both died within days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIn later years,\u201d observed Rogue Scholar<\/em>, \u201cmost people would believe that Rulloff had murdered them both.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the disappearance of his own wife and child, Rulloff first feigned innocence and then went on the run. He was soon apprehended and tried in Ithaca for his wife\u2019s abduction; since the bodies hadn\u2019t been found, he wasn\u2019t indicted for murder.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

He was convicted and spent 10 years in Auburn Penitentiary. On the day of his release, the Tompkins County sheriff arrested him again\u2014this time for Harriet\u2019s murder. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

When Rulloff and his lawyers argued that this constituted double jeopardy, the district attorney dropped that charge\u2014and replaced it with one for Priscilla\u2019s murder. After a trial in nearby Owego\u2014an impartial jury being impossible to find in Ithaca\u2014he was again convicted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

His legal team appealed, arguing that murder couldn\u2019t be proved in the absence of a body. And here the story gets even more dramatic: as the case worked its way through the courts, Rulloff escaped from the Ithaca jail\u2014most likely with the help of Al Jarvis, the jailer\u2019s teenage son, whom Rulloff had tutored in languages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He was eventually recaptured but, thanks to Finch\u2019s brilliant lawyering, won his appeal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not only was he set free, but the \u201cRulloff Rule\u201d\u2014the principle that the \u201cmere absence\u201d of a person was not enough to prove their death, but that additional evidence was needed to convict someone of their murder\u2014became enshrined in New York law for decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The \u201cRulloff Rule\u201d\u2014 that a person\u2019s absence was not enough to prove their death\u2014became enshrined in New York law for decades.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rulloff then devoted himself to two pursuits: writing his magnum opus in the field of philology (the study of the structure and development of languages) and committing crimes to fund his lifestyle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHe was a student by instinct,\u201d the New York Times<\/em> would write a few months before his death, \u201cand evidently became a scoundrel from choice.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1861, one of his many thefts landed him in Ossining (\u201cSing Sing\u201d) Prison, where he served more than two years and met Billy Dexter, who\u2014along with Jarvis\u2014would round out Rulloff\u2019s small gang of thieves and fraudsters. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Based in NYC, the trio was particularly fond of stealing luxury fabrics, which weren\u2019t easily traceable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Rulloff's
Rulloff’s brain is arguably the most famous in the Uris Hall collection. (Jason Koski \/ Cornell University)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The gang\u2019s final heist, the burglary of the Halbert Brothers dry goods store in Binghamton, would prove their undoing\u2014and provide further evidence that while Rulloff may have been a criminal and a genius, he was no criminal genius.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In August 1870, Rulloff, Jarvis, and Dexter broke into Halbert\u2019s and were confronted by two clerks who slept in the store as a sort of overnight watch; one of them, Fred Merrick, was killed in the struggle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

He was a student by instinct, and evidently became a scoundrel from choice.<\/p>\nThe New York Times<\/strong><\/em>, 1871<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The burglars fled; Jarvis and Dexter were later found drowned in a nearby river, but Rulloff was apprehended on his way out of town.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He nearly talked his way out of it\u2014but in a macabre twist on the Cinderella fable, his left foot (missing a big toe long ago lost to frostbite) was a perfect match to a shoe he\u2019d removed to avoid making noise during the break-in and had failed to retrieve in the ensuing chaos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

The Halbert\u2019s case became a cause c\u00e9l\u00e8bre<\/em>\u2014especially once it came out that Rulloff had previously escaped justice for a double homicide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In one of the era\u2019s \u201ctrials of the century,\u201d he was convicted of Merrick\u2019s murder and sentenced to death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He tried to argue his way out of his fate on the grounds that he was simply too brilliant to kill: his philology treatise, he promised, would offer groundbreaking insights into the relationship between language and human behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But all arguments in favor of sparing him failed. <\/p>\n<\/div>

\"An
Rulloff\u2019s final crime: a burglary that turned deadly.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

As a bloodthirsty crowd of thousands celebrated outside the jail, he died before 150 invited witnesses in New York State\u2019s last public hanging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A century and a half later, the total number of Rulloff\u2019s victims remains a mystery; some even believe he drowned Jarvis and Dexter. But a persistent legend holds that Rulloff was innocent of his most heinous crime: the murder of his baby daughter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As it happens, Rulloff had a niece\u2014his younger brother\u2019s only child\u2014who was born the same year as the missing girl and was also named Priscilla. Could some accomplice have spirited her away to his brother\u2019s home (then in Maine), to be passed off as his own?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
Newspapers avidly covered Rulloff\u2019s crimes\u2014and his death in what would be the state\u2019s last public hanging.<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\n

No witnesses ever surfaced. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nevertheless, as the Times<\/em> wrote in 1871: \u201cHer age, the fact that there are no other children in the family, and the circumstances of the disappearance of Rulloff\u2019s child have given rise to the belief … that she is the missing child.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Following Rulloff\u2019s death, a journalist who\u2019d conducted extensive jailhouse interviews with him published The Veil of Secrecy Removed<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Billed as \u201cthe only true and authentic history\u201d of Rulloff and his crimes, it included a detailed confession about Harriet\u2019s death and the disposal of her body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Rulloff legend that endures to this day was cemented by one particularly spooky statement he reportedly uttered while awaiting execution, in which he pledged to haunt Ithaca for all eternity:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYou cannot kill an unquiet spirit, and I know that my impending death will not mean the end of Rulloff. In the dead of the night, walking along Cayuga Street, you will sense my presence. When you wake to a sudden chill, I will be in the room. And when you find yourself alone at the lake shore, gazing away at gray Cayuga, know that I was cut short and your ancestors killed me.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

While those phrases may not have escaped Rulloff\u2019s lips, he almost certainly did not<\/em> utter his most well-known quotation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

And it\u2019s rather a shame\u2014since, in the pantheon of famous last words, it would have ranked up there with Oscar Wilde pledging that either the wallpaper had to go, or he would.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHurry it up!\u201d Rulloff allegedly told the hangman. \u201cI want to be in hell in time for dinner!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top: Photo illustration by Seung Yeon Kim \/ Cornell University. All images provided, unless indicated.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Published October 19, 2023<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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