{"id":20725,"date":"2023-05-01T16:27:32","date_gmt":"2023-05-01T20:27:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alumni.cornell.edu\/cornellians\/?p=20725"},"modified":"2023-05-01T16:27:34","modified_gmt":"2023-05-01T20:27:34","slug":"balto-genetics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alumni.cornell.edu\/cornellians\/balto-genetics\/","title":{"rendered":"Alumna and CALS Prof Studies Genetics of Famed Sled Dog Balto"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A longtime competitive musher herself, Heather Huson \u201997 sampled the canine\u2019s DNA from a taxidermized museum exhibit<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This story was condensed from <\/em>a feature<\/em><\/a> in the<\/em> Cornell Chronicle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By David Nutt<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Balto, the dashing canine renowned for transporting diphtheria antitoxin to Nome, Alaska, in 1925, is the most famous sled dog in history\u2014immortalized in books, films<\/a>, and a statue in Manhattan\u2019s Central Park. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now, a Cornell-led project has added a new chapter to his story, by using ancient DNA extraction and analysis to reconstruct his phenotype and identify his genetic connections to Siberian husky and modern sled dog breeds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The research reveals Balto\u2019s lineage was genetically healthier and less inbred than modern breeds, with characteristics adapted to the extreme environment of 1920s Alaska.<\/p>\n<\/div>

\"Balto
The original Balto\u2014whose animated alter ego would go on to be voiced by Kevin Bacon in a 1995 hit film. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The team\u2019s paper, \u201cComparative Genomics of Balto, a Famous Historic Dog, Captures Lost Diversity of 1920s Sled Dogs,\u201d was published in Science<\/em> in April 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Cornell team was led by the paper\u2019s co-lead author Heather Huson \u201997<\/a>, associate professor of animal science in CALS, who has a personal connection to dog sledding, having raced competitively for almost 25 years throughout North America. Now she studies how genetics shapes the traits\u2014from physiology and speed to behavior and diet\u2014that produce the ideal working canine, including detection and seeing-eye dogs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When a veterinarian friend who works with Iditarod sled dogs told Huson that he could connect her with the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, where Balto\u2019s taxidermized hide has been displayed since he died at the age of 14 in 1933, Huson leapt at the opportunity to access the famous dog\u2019s DNA.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Heather
Huson racing in Fairbanks, AK, in 2005.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\u201cThe kid in me went, \u2018I just want to do something with Balto.\u2019 The scientist in me said, \u2018What really was Balto\u2019s influence on modern sled dogs?\u2019\u201d Huson says. \u201cGranted, Balto himself wasn\u2019t bred, but he came from some of the most influential lines in modern sled dogs.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Whereas purebreds are reared under strict guidelines to cultivate specific physical criteria, such as size, coat, and coloring, modern Alaskan sled dogs are mutts that are bred to improve their performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI was enthralled growing up with sled dogs,\u201d Huson said. \u201cThey\u2019re amazing athletes; they\u2019re fast, but they have a lot of endurance. Mentally, they have to be tough. What are the genes that make them an awesome sled dog? Why can they do these amazing things that your average dog can\u2019t do?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

I was enthralled growing up with sled dogs. They\u2019re amazing athletes.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The researchers found that Balto\u2019s DNA clusters most closely with that of Alaskan sled dogs, with a high genetic diversity and a lower burden of potentially damaging genetic variants. He also had substantial ancestral similarity to Siberian huskies, Alaskan malamutes, Greenland sled dogs, and outbred dogs from Asia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSiberians were kind of being created at the same time as the modern Alaskan sled dogs,\u201d Huson says. \u201cThis shows Balto is at the crux of that. He is showing that early foundation that\u2019s actually similar between sled dogs and Siberians,\u201d Huson said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the benefits of studying a famous dog from the 20th century is that the researchers could consult pictures of Balto to see how accurately his genetic map anticipated his appearance, validating their process. They were able to see that his genotype predicted a combination of coat features that are unusual for modern sled dog breeds, as well as a smaller stature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Heather
A young Huson with furry teammates.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In terms of his metabolism, the researchers found he had enhanced starch digestion\u2014roughly halfway between that of wolves, which are meat-loving protein digesters, and modern dogs, which are more efficient at digesting starch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Balto project was a proof of concept, Huson notes; she hopes to use the same process to explore other historical dogs whose hides have been preserved. One obvious candidate: Togo, the sled dog who was arguably more essential in the Nome serum run but has been long overshadowed by Balto, because Balto led the final leg of the relay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All photos provided.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Published May 1, 2023<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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