{"id":20160,"date":"2023-04-20T05:21:00","date_gmt":"2023-04-20T09:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alumni.cornell.edu\/cornellians\/?p=20160"},"modified":"2023-04-19T17:27:17","modified_gmt":"2023-04-19T21:27:17","slug":"electric-vehicles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alumni.cornell.edu\/cornellians\/electric-vehicles\/","title":{"rendered":"What\u2019s Up with Electric Vehicles?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

An engineering professor weighs in on the challenges of ending our cars\u2019 dependence on gasoline\u2014and how they may be overcome<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Beth Saulnier<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the Tesla to the Chevy Bolt, all-electric vehicles are growing in popularity. But what are their advantages and drawbacks\u2014and how close are we to kicking the gasoline habit for good? For insights, <\/em>Cornellians tapped <\/em>Khurram Afridi<\/em><\/a>, an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering, whose areas of expertise include electronic power systems.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

First off, is it true that electric cars have been around for more than a century?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Definitely. Until the early 1900s, there were roughly equal numbers of electric vehicles sold as there were internal combustion engine vehicles. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

But range was always an issue\u2014and internal combustion engine technology became so much better and less expensive, electric vehicles essentially disappeared from the scene by the mid-1930s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Can\u2019t some electric cars today go hundreds of miles between charges?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>

\"Professor<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

That\u2019s under optimum conditions; it\u2019s not when it\u2019s cold outside, or you have the radio and heat turned on. Anecdotally, your vehicle range may be half of what the manufacturer claims, when you take into account other factors\u2014especially weather.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are some of the challenges of today\u2019s battery technology?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first is that it\u2019s expensive\u2014somewhere between 30\u201340% of the cost of the vehicle. And its energy density\u2014how much energy you can store, for a given amount of volume or weight\u2014is about 1\/100th that of gasoline. So a large part of the vehicle, both in terms of weight and space, is occupied by batteries\u2014and you still don\u2019t get the same range that you get with gasoline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What about charging time?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That is another big issue. It takes less than five minutes to fill a car with gas, but for electric vehicles, it is very challenging. To give you a sense of what that involves: an incandescent light bulb uses around 60 watts, and home appliances such as an air conditioner or washing machine might use about 1,000 watts. But if you want to charge a car in five minutes, you would need a megawatt of power\u2014a million watts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

It takes less than five minutes to fill a car with gas, but for electric vehicles, it is very challenging.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Even if cars can be charged at home overnight over the course of hours, what about road trips?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

You have to have infrastructure available across the nation, so you could comfortably say, \u201cI\u2019ll drive and stop to charge along the way.\u201d But unless you have very high-power chargers, you\u2019re going to have to spend some time charging. And even then, there could be a line, so you\u2019d have to wait, or the charger could be out of service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But I don\u2019t want this battery problem to seem like it\u2019s a roadblock that can never be solved; there are lots of people working on better technology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Batteries come in different chemistries\u2014some optimized to store more energy, and others to be more power dense, so you can charge and discharge them more quickly. Typically, electric vehicles compromise and use one chemistry which is not best for either. But some companies are developing technologies to hybridize the battery, using two chemistries and combining them through electronics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is another, more radical thing that people are looking at: removing the battery to a large extent, and replacing it with \u201ccharge on the go.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What\u2019s that?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

You basically electrify the road and charge the vehicle from the roadway itself; there are companies in the U.S. doing pilots on it, and we are studying it in my lab<\/a>. In this case, you\u2019d have maybe a tenth of the typical battery size, something that gives you 30 miles of range instead of 300. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

And on all the major interstates and state routes, one lane would deliver energy wirelessly; you\u2019d just need enough battery power for your local commute. This could also address some of the environmental issues of batteries, like the need to mine lithium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"Professor
Afridi in his lab holding an inductor, which stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Could this also solve the problem that most apartment dwellers can\u2019t plug in cars at home?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yes, one of the reasons people are pushing for this continuous charging is that it could provide that equity. And it doesn\u2019t have to happen while you\u2019re driving; if you\u2019re parked on the street, and there is wireless charging capability underneath, that would potentially serve you.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, what about plug-in hybrids\u2014which can use either electricity or gas\u2014as an option?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Due to supply chain issues, they can be hard to find right now, and prices are much higher than usual; it is much easier to buy a vehicle with an internal combustion engine. And a hybrid does not achieve the long-term goal of net-zero emissions. But it gives you better mileage, so from that perspective it\u2019s a good compromise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Let\u2019s talk about performance. Are there concerns that electric cars don\u2019t have enough pick-up to, say, pass on a steep hill?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tesla disproved the idea that electric cars were basically golf carts. In fact, today\u2019s electric vehicles are much higher performing than combustion engines in terms of acceleration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Tesla disproved the idea that electric cars were basically golf carts.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Do they also require less maintenance?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Absolutely. There are far fewer moving parts\u2014essentially just the electric motor\u2014so less to wear out, as opposed to an internal combustion engine where you\u2019ve got pistons, belts, and a cam shaft. Actually, one reason there is no great desire on the part of dealers to sell more electric vehicles is that a lot of their revenue comes from the service side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Given all the issues we\u2019ve discussed: if you were a betting man, when would you wager that electric vehicles will be ubiquitous on U.S. roads?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2021, there were 535,000 all-electric vehicles sold in the U.S. In 2022, the number was 800,000, comprising 6% of all new vehicle sales. And the Biden Administration has set a target that as of 2030, 50% of all sales will be electric.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are obviously going to be political pressures around that, including issues like restrictions on federal tax credits. But in terms of substantial numbers of vehicles on the road being electric, I would say: probably within the next 15\u201320 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top: Illustration by Caitlin Cook \/ Cornell University. Photos by No\u00ebl Heaney \/ Cornell University.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Published April 20, 2023<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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